Development of Agricultural Tools and Machines - 810 Words

Development of Agricultural Tools and Machines The development of machines began in the 1890 s when the first steam tractor and combine were made in California (Meij 3). There was a need to make more efficient use of the labor; therefore, machines were developed (Agripedia 2). By 1914, the combine started to spread outside of California to the rest of the United States (Meij 4). Then in 1928 it spread to Great Britain and then to the Netherlands after World War II (Meij 4). The development of these machines was affected by long run price variation (Meij 4). When prices of grains were high, there were demands for ploughs, seed drills, cultivators, reapers, winnowing machines and others (Meij 5). After 1912, there was a shift from steam†¦show more content†¦The land owners saved money by not having to pay as many labor workers (Meij 43). After all the tools and machines were created, people realized that the intention of farming was to produce food at the lowest price to the customer and therefore at the highest level of p roductivity per acre, per man, and per unit of equipment (Meij 52). To meet this high productivity level on smaller farms the equipment had to be made smaller (Meij 52). Western Germany developed a great range of small tractors for this purpose (Meij 53). In addition, small farms depended on second hand machinery as a source of equipment (Meij 54). There were also machines that could be joint-owned or hired from contractors (Meij 56). These modifications had to be created for small farms in Europe. These time consuming modifications caused difficulties with rapid mechanization among Europe s small farms. Circumstances for Mechanization in the United States As a result of mechanization, the American farmer became on of the world s most productive agriculturists (Meij 65). In addition, mechanization provided to the pleasure and welfare of farm families and to activiness of the labor supply (Meij 65). Mechanization in the United States began during World War I, when there was a shortage of food (Meij 73). This called forth tractors, motor trucks, combines, corn pickers, hay loaders, and tillageShow MoreRelatedThe Industrialization Of The Agriculture Revolution1536 Words   |  7 Pagescourse system, which as it s name states, was established in Norfolk county, England, and which emphasized fodder crops and the absence of the conventionally employed fallow year. One of the most important innovations of the Agricultural Revolution was the development of the Norfolk four-course rotation, which greatly increased crop and livestock yields by improving soil fertility and reducing fallow, which is uncultivated or un-used land. Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series ofRead MoreMan-vs-Machine: Who Wll Win the War? Essay1058 Words   |  5 PagesMan-vs-machine: who will win the war? Man vs Machine has been a debatable topic for centuries. So, when did it all start? One started to question the expansion of technological development after the Industrial Revolution in England. The great revolution of machines started with the Watt Steam Engine which clearly revolutionized transportation and factory production. Machines continue to experience development and media appraise till our current day. Where does the Man fit in? The inventor of thoseRead MoreLabor and Industrialization in American History Essay663 Words   |  3 PagesAmerica’ is often used in reference to the industrial revolution during which America’s industrial growth led to the growth of factories and modern cities, the development of social classes due to division of labor and race. During this period, the American labor force transformed tremendously as the nation evolved from a largely agricultural society into a relatively modern society. Role of Labor Force in the Transition from Agriculture to Industrialization Until the late nineteenth century, theRead MoreProductivity Improvement in Screw Type Biomas Briquettes Manufacturing by Planning Downtime 738 Words   |  3 Pagespredetermined replacement of screw before considerable damage is done. They were found to be significant and aiding quality briquette output and smooth operation which could aid in improving profitability. . Introduction India is predominantly an agricultural country. Every year around 572 million metric ton[1] of crop residues like bagasse, straw, husk, stem, etc are produced and a high percentage of them are used by rural population and industrial sector. In an optimistic estimate total non-fodderRead MoreThe Invention Of The Industrial Revolution1463 Words   |  6 Pagescentury and pre-industrial times, the way one sustained and obtained means for survival transformed fairly insufficiently. However, once the Industrial Revolution ignited throughout Europe, the course one’s of livelihood forever changed. While the Agricultural Revolution was a sufficient step forward in metamorphosing human society, it did not reign like the technological advantages of the industrial revolution. The introduction of mass production, steam engines, cast iron, coal, and textile miles profoundlyRead MoreIndustrial And Bio Energy Needs798 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction The world’s population is projected to grow to 9 billion from existing 7 billion by the year 2050. To accommodate the dietary needs of the population, the world’s food production must be increased by about 70% to close that gap. [1] The agricultural sector will face the following significant challenges to achieve this production capacity: While the amount of arable land cannot increase without creating further ecological imbalance, it competes with urbanization, industrial and bio-energy needsRead MoreIndustrialization Of The Industrial Revolution859 Words   |  4 Pagesevents changed the way of life. These events are called the Industrial Revolution. It was a long, uneven process that affected peoples’ lives. Simple tools where changed to complex machines; from human and animal power to electricity. Rural societies became urban. Industrialization brought a variety of goods and an improved way of living to many. Agricultural Revolution is when people learn to farm and domesticate animals. It contributed to a rapid population growth and reduced the risk of famine. In theRead MoreGovernment Of Indi The Four Distributional Aspects Of Agricultural Credit Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesthe four distributional aspects of agricultural credit. These are: (a) not much improvement in the share of small and marginal farmers . (b) decline in credit-deposit (CD) ratios of rural and semi-urban branches. (c) increase in the share of indirect credit in total agricultural credit and. (d) significant regional inequalities in credit. (Policies for Raising Agricultural Growth and Productivity in India). ( S. Mahendra Dev, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research, Mumbai) The GovernmentRead MoreTypes And Crop Genetic Improvement999 Words   |  4 Pagesefficiency and productivity of the rural hinterland. Infrastructure includes roads, bridges, transport, telecommunication, storage, electricity, sanitation, drainage, drinking water, irrigation, health care, agricultural research, extension services etc. These are indispensable for agricultural development (Fosu et al., 1995; Ahmed, 1996; World Bank, 1994; de Vries, 1960; Ishikawa, 1967; Wharton, 1967; Hirschman, 1958; Lewis, 1955). Structural support is also required for promoting non-farm enterprises inRead MoreChild Labor Essay809 Words   |  4 Pagesfactory because of their size, and it was easy to manage them because the factories did not have to worry about paying them more as compared to adults. Further, today in the United States of America, education plays a vital role in an individual’s development. However, in the past children were involuntarily required to sacrifice their educatio n for working in factories during the industrial revolution. Historically it was considered legal since there were no labor laws that prohibited such practice

The Case Of The Palm Island Death - 1739 Words

The well-known case of the Palm Island death in custody in 2004, refers to the tragic death of Cameron Doomadgee, who is also referred to in most legal and media documents by his tribal name, Mulrunji. Mulrunji died on the 19th November, 2004 after being taken into custody by Senior Sergeant Christopher Hurley to the Palm Island watch house (Hurley v. Clements Ors (2008). The grounds for his arrest according to the court documents, was for being a public nuisance after swearing at Police Liaison Officer, Lloyd Bengaroo. Mulrinji was intoxicated at the time of his arrest, with post mortem results showing a blood alcohol concentration of 0.292% (Hurley v. Clements Ors (2008). The lengthy legal battle that ensued was attempting to†¦show more content†¦The court documents state that if the matter of swearing had proceeded to prosecution, whether the swearing had actually occurred would have been brought into question (Hurley v. Clements Ors (2008). Queensland statistics show that 2,792 Indigenous Australians were arrested for public order offences for the year 2015-2016, compared with 5,991 for non-Indigenous Australians. This is rather alarming given that only four per cent of people aged over ten years old identify as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander in Queensland (ABS, 2017). The Australian Bureau of Statistics reports the age standardised offender rates per 100,000 for persons over the age of ten identifying as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander for 2015-2016 is 9,576 compared with 1,882 for non-Indigenous Australians (ABS, 2017). Information in the court documents indicate that Mulrunji became agitated after being arrested, becoming violent once arriving at the police station and subsequently assaulting Senior Sergeant Hurley while being taken from the paddy wagon into the police station. Senior Sergeant Hurley’s discretionary decision to arrest Mulrunji for a public nuisance offence had dire consequences resulting in a viol ent altercation and a subsequent death. It is an unfortunate reality that Indigenous Australians are over-represented in our criminal justice system and are being arrested at disproportionate rates compared to non-IndigenousShow MoreRelatedThe Criminal Equity Framework1547 Words   |  7 Pages(O’Neill Handley, 1994). The Doomadgee case: The Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody (RCIADIC) (1987–1991) was an Illustrious Commission selected by the Australian Government in October 1987. To study and report on the fundamental social, social and lawful issues behind the passings in the guardianship of Native individuals and Torres Strait Islanders, in the light of the abnormal state of such passings (Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody, 2016). Mulrunji (the perishedRead MoreBiblical Allusions: Golding ´s Lord of the Flies884 Words   |  4 Pagesand characters to allude to the Bible. Out of the many references, four significant biblical allusions – title of the novel, Simon, beast, and the island itself – emphasize Golding’s theme inherent sin and evil in mankind. The title, Lord of the Flies, refers to the pig’s head that was placed on a spear and worshiped by the young boys on the island. In other words, the boys have chosen to believe in a fake deity, much like the people of Israel, who built golden calves to worship. And along withRead MoreLord Of The Flies Character Analysis947 Words   |  4 PagesAustin Curtis Ms. Tantlinger Honors English 10 2 January 2018 Title In William Golding’s novel, Lord of the Flies, a group of children are deserted on an uncharted island due to the conflict of a world war. As the boys live on the island, they begin to have conflicts among themselves, and Jack, an older boy on the island, begins to become power-hungry. Jack falls far from the rules of society as he is overcome by the power of the mask, Jack also conceals his humanity by using his war mask; GoldingRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1613 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Golding: Lord of the Flies Golding, William. Lord of the Flies. New York: Penguin Group. 1954. Print. William Golding’s acclaimed novel, Lord of the Flies, follows the adventure of a clan of British adolescents stranded on a coral reef island. With no adults left alive, the diverse personality’s between the main characters Ralph, Piggy, Jack, and Simon struggle with the freedom from authority. This tale begins when Ralph, a fair haired twelve year old, awakes after the fatal plane crashRead MoreCrj100 Essay1312 Words   |  6 Pagesa criminal trial is going to Trail. It is when things actually begin to take place in count and that is when the real judgment takes place. Nothing really matters until it is proven in court. By going to trail, it is basically the conclusion to the case, once it is over. Being found guilty or not guilty by the jury and/or the judge is where this happens. There can be up to nine steps in this criminal trial. All of which that leads up to the trail part of the criminal trial. It is found to have theRead MoreWilliam Golding s Lord Of The Flies1513 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Civilization begins with order, grows with liberty, and dies with chaos.† -Will Durant. This is demonstrated when a new war begins, and a group of boys are left to fend for themselves on an abandoned island due to a plane crash. They must learn to live without adults, rules, or structure, however, as time goes on and conflict grows, this becomes increasingly difficult. William Golding s Lord of The Flies explains how without order, unity, and rules a society will resort to chaos/savagery and becomesRead MoreThe Mind Of Humans By William D. Hawkins1201 Words   |  5 Pageswas at the Tarawa atoll on Betio Island, which took place from November 20th through the 23rd of 1943. Hawkins waged what was called â€Å"one of the most furious one-man army assaults on enemy positions in the history of modern warfare.† Preparatory teams sent to the island failed to remove enemy machine gun nests, and left Hawkins and the rest of his unit in grave danger. Hawkins was injured upon landing by shrapnel, but still led his platoon into a forest of palms. Over the next day and a half, HawkinsRead MoreEssay on Al Capone Biography1495 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause Capone was bad for Thompson’s political image. So the mayor hired a new police chief to run Capone out of the city, and he personally saw Capone out of the city. Capone looked all over for a new location and he decided to move to an estate in Palm Island, Florida in 1928. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Once Capone was out of the city, attempts on Capone’s life were becoming regular but he had connections with newspapers and policemen so he quickly found out about the plots. He, on the other handRead MoreAnalysis Of The First Circumnavigators 1163 Words   |  5 PagesBecause of this unlucky crew, many individuals ended up dying on their way back to Tidore. While reading Roger Crowley’s book, he states, â€Å"The monsoon announced itself in earnest. Torrential rain battered the ships; winds whipped through the bending palms. With the river in spate, the ships had to be tethered at both bow and stern to prevent them from twisting in the current.† After this quote is stated, the individuals in this unfortunate situation then put blame on the town that they were in. TheyRead MoreThe Role Of The Oil Boom2063 Words   |  9 Pagesthe east, the emirate was expanding well on the pearl trade and small caravan businesses. Despite having a lack of natural resources such as water and fertile soil, the Gulf region in general was rich in natural pearls. However when the unfortunate death of their ruler, Sheikh Zayed, happened in 1909, power and prosperity declined due to the collapse of the pearling industry. In addition to that, the economy in the 1930s experienced The Great Depression, the deepest economic downturn that happened

Digital Millennium Act free essay sample

Digital Millennium Recording Act Napster By Patrick Sampson 1. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) filed suit against MP3 community software maker Napster for copyright infringement. 2. This would be both the musician’s and company’s copyright if the copyrights of works created by employees belong to the employer in the first instance. 3. The scope of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) helps to protect both musicians and record companies. 4. The Napster case set the standard on the liability of providers of free copyrighted content over an online medium. Napster tried to use the defense of Fair Use under U. S copyright law, safe harbor under the provision of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and finally the Audio Home Recording Act which states, â€Å"No action may be brought under this title alleging infringement of copyright based on the manufacture, importation, or distribution of a digital audio recording device, a digital audio recording medium, an analog recording device, or an analog recording medium, or based on the noncommercial use by a consumer of such a device or medium for making digital musical recordings or analog musical recordings. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Millennium Act or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 5. Legal Implications of Napster use of copyrighted material was not protected under fair use and this is very important because it means that any file sharing system which is currently engaging or enabling in the transfer of pirated media can’t defend against their actions by a defense of fair use. 6. The ethical implications of Napster’s online music sharing service are * Professional: stealing perspective on behalf of artists * Unfair: to artists and music industry, artists lose recognition * Common good perspective: violated laws of society Napster being platform for other such software: increase in competition, financial loss, discouraging. 7. The nature of file-sharing networks as it implies, to peer-to-peer and decentralized. There is no central server that uploads stores and downloads content each user (potentially) acts as a server for each other user. One effect of this is that there is no way for the software provider to control what content is made availabl e for sharing, or to check it for viruses, Trojans, or other malware.

Scarlet Ibis free essay sample

There are multiple literary elements that combine together to create the theme and mood of a story. In the short story, â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis,† the author, James Hurst, demonstrates the use of literary elements and the importance of vital life lessons. The mood in this short story is deeply nostalgic and melancholy. The narrator faces the difficult obstacle of his pride vs. Himself (which is also the critical theme of the story). In the story, Hurst uses the elements of setting, foreshadowing, and symbolism to create a bittersweet, nostalgic memory of the character of Doodle. Various examples of how the setting reveals the mood of a story are found in â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis. † One specific example was at the beginning of the story where the author wrote â€Å"summer was dead, but autumn had not yet been born when the ibis came to the bleeding tree. † This sentence was the setting of the entire story and transmitted a thought that death would probably come in later somewhere in the story – and it did for both Doodle and the Scarlet Ibis. We will write a custom essay sample on Scarlet Ibis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The storm that was occurring seconds before Doodle died was also an example of setting. When the narrator said â€Å"When we reached Horsehead landing, lightning was flashing across half the sky, and thunder was drowning out the sound of the sea,† the mood quickly escalated to alarming and frightening, and it gave the reader more suspense. Literally seconds after this mood is created, the narrator goes back to this tree where his little brother Doodle is lying dead with blood dripping from his lips. In â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† the author demonstrates the use of foreshadowing to develop the mood to come later on in the story. The use of foreshadowing can develop the mood of an event before it happens in the story. Examples of this in the story are the â€Å"hints of death† that come out towards the reader such as when the Scarlet Ibis died, Aunt Nicey said that red birds were dangerous and unlucky, and Doodle ended up dying bright red. Another example of how foreshadowing develops the mood is that when Doodle was little, his family named him William Armstrong. The narrator then said â€Å"such a name sounds good only on a tombstone. † These examples of foreshadowing create a somber and solemn mood in the story because it is thought that even though actual death may not have yet happened in the story, the reader will still know that either death or something tragic likely will occur later in the story based on the wording the author chooses. Authors use symbols to add deeper meaning to certain people or objects in a story. Symbols affect the mood because the mood depends on the symbols the writer uses to define the it without having to directly state the mood or theme intended in the story. An example of symbolism in the story is the narrator’s pride. In â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis,† the narrator’s pride gets the best of him, therefore his pride equals danger. When trying to teach Doodle how to do the basic abilities of a child his age, the narrator went way too far and overworked Doodle because he didn’t want to be made fun of because of his â€Å"special† brother that couldn’t do anything. In the end, the narrator ended up straining and exhausting Doodle to where Doodle’s body and weak heart could take no more and he passed away. In this short story, the Scarlet Ibis symbolized Doodle in numerous ways. Both Doodle and the Scarlet Ibis were called â€Å"special† and â€Å"unlucky† when they were born. They were also both found dead on the ground the color bright red which is a symbol of blood. Finally, both Doodle and the Scarlet Ibis had come a surprisingly long way from where they started. At the first of the story, Doodle was believed not to even live a couple of days, but he pulled through and worked hard in learning how to walk, row, and do other basic activities. As he kept trying to do more and more work each day, it put more and more stress and pain on his body and his weak heart, he overworked himself, and therefore, his body gave up under all the pressure. When the narrator’s family found the Scarlet Ibis dead, it was noticeable that it had flown from somewhere extensively far away. The Scarlet Ibis and Doodle did the exact same thing – they tried to work themselves more to hopefully accomplish more in the long run, but ultimately ended up killing themselves because their bodies weren’t made strong and proficient, they were made fragile and delicate. In â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis,† the author, James Hurst, clearly defines the valuable message of not letting pride get the best of one. This use of life lessons and other literary elements helped to exemplify the themes demonstrated in the story – setting, foreshadowing, and symbolism. Hurst’s style of descriptive and creative writing genuinely told the reader the importance of a supportive family and community in this Southern short story.

Motivating employees Essays - Human Resource Management,

Introduction Engendering the emotional energy of employees is the most difficult challenge facing organisational leaders worldwide. Several organisational behaviours can be attributed towards how successful a company will be. Motivation is a crucial aspect in many organisations and is also a key determinant in the triumph of a business. Motivation is defined as the process of initiating and directing behaviour, and willingness to exert high levels of effort to drive toward organisational goals, conditioned by the effort's ability to satisfy individual needs (Gabriel 1989: 224; Mathis & Jackson 2006: 79). Therefore, motivation is considered to be detrimental to the facets of management within the workforce, where the quality of work that people express is often a result of the motivation they possess. This essay will discuss the concept of motivation by focusing on content theories of motivation and its related theories through exploration of the variable nature of needs and expectations. Also, th is essay will discuss the importance of having a motivated workforce and how the application of these theories is pivotal in achieving staff motivation. Lastly, this essay will include an evaluation of Southwest Airlines, with particular emphasis on the links between motivation and value creation for the company, as well as staff satisfaction. Motivation The motivational process in management can be treated as a need satisfying process. Content theories of motivation are primarily concerned with the dynamics of employee needs, in which the Maslow hierarchy of needs and McGregor?s X and Y theory illustrate the vast scope of needs in motivational processes (Mullins 1996: 85). Maslow?s Hierarchy of Needs Sources of motivation can be arranged in a hierarchical structure. Maslow?s hierarchy of needs theory proposes that within every person are five needs that need to be satisfied. These include, from the bottom of the hierarchy to the top; physiological needs ? these include the bodies automatic efforts to function, safety needs ? protection from emotional and physical harm, social needs ? sense of belonging, esteem needs ? receiving of respect, confidence and strength and self-respect and self-actualisation needs. This theory asserts that individuals satisfy these needs in a step like process. Maslow (1943, cited in Mullins 1996 : 40) also suggested that once the low orders of the hierarchy we satisfied they were no longer motivators. These base level motivators are widely accepted as surviving in the world. Within each of these stages there is a vast range of needs that could fit into each category hence suggesting each individuals needs could be different and unique (Gabriel 1989: 2 24; Maslow 1943, cited in Mullins 1996: 40). X and Y Theory Various sources of motivation are accountable for energizing individual behaviour. McGregor?s X and Y theory is primarily a negative and positive view of employees respectively. Theory X assumes employees to be lazy and must be coerced to perform, and that lower order needs dominate individuals. In contrast, theory Y assumes that employees are responsible can exercise self-direction and that higher level needs predominate. In this way both Theory X and Y offer wide-ranging categories of needs, suggesting the needs for motivation are not predetermined, but rather unpredictable for each individual employee (McGregor 1960, cited in Mullins 1996: 41). A Motivated Workforce A successful organization is highly dependent on a motivated workforce. Motivation affects the output of an organization, which concerns both quantity and quality. For instance, an organization relying heavily on the efficiency of their production employees has to make sure that products are manufactured in time to meet deadlines. However, if employees lack the motivation to produce completed products to meet the deadline, then the organization faces dire consequences in reputation and profitability (Certo 2005: 281-282; Tosi, Mero Gabriel 1989: 227; Tosi et al. 2000:

The Gods of the Olmec

The Gods of the Olmec The mysterious Olmec Civilization flourished between roughly 1200 and 400 B.C. on Mexicos Gulf coast. Although there are still more mysteries than answers about this ancient culture, modern researchers have determined that religion was of great importance to the Olmec. Several supernatural beings appear and re-appear in the few examples of Olmec art that survive today. This has led archaeologists and ethnographers to tentatively identify a handful of Olmec gods. The Olmec Culture The Olmec culture was the first major Mesoamerican civilization, thriving in the steamy lowlands of Mexicos Gulf coast, mainly in the modern-day states of Tabasco and Veracruz. Their first major city, San Lorenzo (its original name has been lost to time) peaked around 1000 B.C. and was in serious decline by 900 B.C. The Olmec civilization had faded by 400 B.C.: no one is certain why. Later cultures, like the Aztec and the Maya, were heavily influenced by the Olmec. Today little survives of this grand civilization, but they left behind a rich artistic legacy including their majestic carved colossal heads. Olmec Religion Researchers have done a remarkable job of learning so much about Olmec religion and society. Archaeologist Richard Diehl has identified five elements of Olmec religion: a particular cosmos, a set of gods who interacted with mortals, a shaman class, specific rituals and sacred sites. Many specifics of these elements remain a mystery: for example, it is believed, but not proven, that one religious rite mimicked the transformation of a shaman into a were-jaguar. Complex A at La Venta is an Olmec ceremonial site which was largely preserved; much about Olmec religion was learned there. Olmec Gods The Olmec apparently had gods, or at least powerful supernatural beings, which were worshiped or respected in some way. Their names and functions - other than in the most general sense - have been lost over the ages. Olmec deities are represented in surviving stone carvings, cave paintings, and pottery. In most Mesoamerican art, gods are depicted as human-like  but are often more gruesome or imposing. Archaeologist Peter Joralemon, who has studied the Olmec extensively, has come up with a tentative identification of eight gods. These gods show a complicated mixture of human, bird, reptile and feline attributes. They include the Olmec Dragon, the Bird Monster, the Fish Monster, the Banded-eye God, the Maize God, the Water God, the Were-Jaguar and the Feathered Serpent. The Dragon, Bird Monster, and Fish Monster, when taken together, form the Olmec physical universe. The dragon represents the earth, the bird monster the skies and the fish monster the underworld. The Olmec Dragon The Olmec Dragon is depicted as a crocodile-like being, occasionally having human, eagle or jaguar features. His mouth, sometimes open in ancient carved images, is seen as a cave: perhaps, for this reason, the Olmec were fond of cave painting. The Olmec Dragon represented the Earth or at least the plane upon which humans lived. As such, he represented agriculture, fertility, fire and otherworldly things. The dragon may have been associated with the Olmec ruling classes or elite. This ancient creature may be the forebear of Aztec gods such as Cipactli, a crocodile god, or Xiuhtecuhtli, a fire god. The Bird Monster The Bird Monster represented the skies, sun, rulership, and agriculture. It is depicted as a fearsome bird, sometimes with reptilian features. The bird monster may have been the preferred god of the ruling class: carved likenesses of rulers sometimes are shown with bird monster symbols in their dress. The city once located at the La Venta archaeological site venerated the Bird Monster: its image appears there frequently, including on an important altar. The Fish Monster Also called the Shark Monster, the Fish Monster is thought to represent the underworld and appears as a frightening shark or fish with sharks teeth. Depictions of the Fish Monster have appeared in stone carvings, pottery, and small greenstone celts, but the most famous is on San Lorenzo Monument 58. On this massive stone carving, the Fish Monster appears with a fearsome mouth full of teeth, a large X on its back and a forked tail. Shark teeth excavated at San Lorenzo and La Venta suggest that the Fish Monster was honored in certain rituals. The Banded-Eye God Little is known about the mysterious Banded-eye God. Its name is a reflection of its appearance. It always appears in profile, with an almond shaped eye. A band or stripe passes behind or through the eye. The Banded-eye God appears more human than many of the other Olmec gods. It is found occasionally on pottery, but a good image appears on a famous Olmec statue, Las Limas Monument 1. The Maize God Because maize was such an important staple of life of the Olmec, its not surprising that they dedicated a god to its production. The Maize God appears as a human-ish figure with a stalk of corn growing out of his head. Like the Bird Monster, Maize God symbolism frequently appears on depictions of rulers. This could reflect the rulers responsibility to ensure bountiful crops for the people. The Water God The Water God often formed a divine team of sorts with the Maize God: the two are often associated with one another. The Olmec Water God appears as a chubby dwarf or infant with a gruesome face reminiscent of the Were-Jaguar. The Water Gods domain was likely not only water in general but also rivers, lakes and other water sources. The Water God appears on different forms of Olmec art, including large sculptures and smaller figurines and celts. It is possible that he is a forebear of later Mesoamerican water gods such as Chac and Tlaloc. The Were-Jaguar The Olmec were-jaguar is a most intriguing god. It appears as a human baby or infant with distinctly feline features, such as fangs, almond-shaped eyes and a cleft in his head. In some depictions, the were-jaguar baby is limp, as if it is dead or sleeping. Matthew W. Stirling proposed that the were-jaguar is the result of relations between a jaguar and a human female, but this theory is not universally accepted. The Feathered Serpent The Feathered Serpent is shown as a rattlesnake, either coiled or slithering, with feathers on its head. One excellent example is Monument 19 from La Venta. The feathered serpent is not very common in surviving Olmec art. Later incarnations such as Quetzalcoatl among the Aztecs or Kukulkan among the Maya seemingly had a much more important place in religion and daily life. Nevertheless, this common ancestor of the significant feathered serpents to come in Mesoamerican religion is considered important by researchers. Importance of the Olmec Gods The Olmec Gods are very important from an anthropological or cultural point of view and understanding them is critical to understanding Olmec civilization. The Olmec civilization, in turn, was the first major Mesoamerican culture and all of the later ones, such as the Aztec and Maya, borrowed heavily from these forebears. This is particularly visible in their pantheon. Most of the Olmec gods would evolve into major deities for later civilizations. The Feathered Serpent, for example, appears to have been a minor god to the Olmec, but it would rise to prominence in Aztec and Maya society. Research continues on the Olmec relics still in existence and at archaeological sites. Currently, there are still more questions than answers about the Olmec Gods: hopefully, future studies will illuminate their personalities even further. Sources: Coe, Michael D and Rex Koontz. Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. 6th Edition. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2008 Diehl, Richard A. The Olmecs: Americas First Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson, 2004. Grove, David C. Cerros Sagradas Olmecas. Trans. Elisa Ramirez. Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol XV - Num. 87 (Sept-Oct 2007). P. 30-35. Miller, Mary and Karl Taube. An Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya. New York: Thames Hudson, 1993.

Risk Mangement and Worker Protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Risk Mangement and Worker Protection - Essay Example Risk management involves procedures and measures that can be used to minimize or eliminate effects arising from risk. Risk management takes shape through certain various steps such as identifying the peril, analyzing and structuring methods toEvery business faces risks some which expose the business but they are controllable and predictable. Others are hard to control or to predict thus leading to uncertainty in operations of the business. Determining risk and controlling it is one of the most essential factors in risk management. Outlining certain measures and practices assists the organization to control risk if it is controllable or devising strategies to recover from loss due to unpredictable and uncertain risk. The management should ensure that proper measures are put in place to eliminate or reduce the effects of risk in the organization (Hopwood and Thompson, 2006). According to Occupation Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), health care and precaution measures should be i nstalled in the workplace to reduce effects of risk if it occurs. This means that risks such as epidemics should be reduced by application of measures that can reduce the spread of the condition if it occurs. For instance, if an epidemic like influenza occurs in the work place, the health care team should be quick to detect and suspect the pandemic from the patient. This should be followed by immediate healthcare delivery to the patient and placing the patient in an enclosed place to avoid spread.